Scope of this Article
- The Structural check tests against the PDF creation standard, ISO 32000. While ISO 32000 mentions accessibility functionality in PDF, it is broader.
- The Structural check confirms if the PDF is built correctly, verifying links, forms, graphics, and PDF encoding. (This is not the same thing as character encoding, although that’s a thing, too.)
- The Accessibility standards approach the broader concept of what’s allowed in a PDF and tighten that up for accessibility.
- Because it’s so widely used, we often refer to WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) 2.1 regarding accessibility standards.
- WCAG 2.0 is ISO standard 40500. The ISO standard has not been updated, and there is no new ISO standard for WCAG 2.1.
- It is important to note that WCAG is for the web, not PDFs.
- Sometimes, WCAG wants you to do something to your webpage that isn’t supported in PDF.
- The PDF specifications will occasionally require you to do things differently because it is not web technology (like links in PDFs needing Alt text/Contents). Contents are a properties field for Link Annotations. It is a formal name for a descriptor that the standard calls for. (Alt text, Actual text, Expansion Text, Contents, Tool tips, and Language – are some similar properties.
- The PDF/UA spec—ISO 14289—is the accessibility standard specific to PDFs. It takes what is allowed in a PDF and regulates it for accessibility.
Running a standard check may be the most essential step for document accessibility. For this reason, we spend a great deal of time and energy remediating a document to comply with and pass the standards.
Structural Check vs. Accessibility Check
There are two major types of standards, and we recommend testing all documents against structural and accessibility standards to guarantee usability and overall compliance.
In short, a structural check tests issues with the actual assembly of a document. In contrast, an accessibility check verifies that the PDF is accessible to all audiences.
For example, in the case of an image or graphic, a structural check confirms that fonts are encoded correctly and mapped to Unicode. Likewise, an accessibility check ensures that the text is tagged correctly.
Both are extremely important. The structural check verifies the correct content encoding, and the accessibility check verifies proper tagging so that assistive technologies can handle it accurately.
ISO 32000
To get a bit more specific, the structural standard checks against ISO 32000, the official guide to making a PDF. ISO 32000 addresses some accessibility functionality, but its primary purpose is to ensure correct PDF construction. It offers guidelines for software developers and relates to document components like the construction of links, forms, graphics, and the literal encoding of the PDF.
To be structurally valid, PDFs must be compliant against the structural standard ISO-32000-1 (version 1) or ISO 32000-2 (version 2).
Accessibility Standards
Accessibility standards are a bit more specific. First, you’ll notice that I said standards—plural. There are many of them! Some relate to specific industries, and some are updated versions of previous accessibility standards.
The US Department of Health and Human Services developed the HHS standard for healthcare organizations.
The original Section 508 standard was updated to incorporate, by reference, WCAG 2.0. WCAG 2.0 has since been updated to WCAG 2.1, and even more recently, WCAG 2.2. So, while we recommend that clients check against ISO-32000, accessibility standard selection is based on multiple variables, such as your organization’s needs.
Compared to structural standards, accessibility standards take a broader approach to what’s allowed in a PDF and make it more specific.
WCAG
While both of our standard types consider accessibility, the accessibility standards are all about access. We recommend referring to the most up-to-date version of your chosen accessibility standard. Generally speaking, WCAG is the most widely used.
WCAG, or the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, are technically for web content. While initially intended for web content, it also works fairly well for PDF, which is why it is widely used.
PDF/UA
PDF/UA (the “UA” stands for Universal Accessibility), another accessibility standard frequently referred to as the gold standard for PDF accessibility, is ISO 14289. This accessibility standard is specific to PDF. It takes the general idea of what is allowed in a PDF and focuses on accessibility.
Again, our general recommendation is to check documents against both structural and accessibility standards. That can look slightly different, depending on what accessibility standard you want to meet, but the goals are the same.
Complying with both standard types helps confirm that your PDFs are built appropriately and are accessible to all audiences.
